Many arthropods are involved in the transmission and spread of fungal, bacterial and viral diseases. By damaging plants, they contribute to the penetration of various pathogens into their tissues. So, bees carry bacteria that cause bacterial burns of apple and pear trees, and flies, feeding on pollen of flowering rye — ergot pathogens. As a result of evolution, peculiar and permanent connections have been established between plant pathogens and insects. Some insects have developed special organs for the preservation of plant pathogens. For example, a female weevil beetle, when laying an egg in a pre-prepared hole up to 3 mm deep and sealing it with her excrement, simultaneously introduces fruit rot spores into the pulp of a healthy plum, apple, apricot fruit. The olive fly contains the causative agent of the disease tuberculosis of olives in the intestine. Before laying eggs, the female fly makes damage on the olive branches, where she then lays eggs, and the pathogen of the disease gets to the plant with them. Some species of beetles of the genus diabrotica, damaging pumpkin plants, simultaneously carry the causative agent of bacterial wilting of pumpkin. Beneficial insects are also often to blame for the transfer of pathogens. For example, bumblebees carry spores of a fungus that causes clover flower mold. Usually, the carriers of pathogens of viral diseases of plants are insects with a sucking mouth.
Aphids and cicadas are the most dangerous. More than 50 species of aphids carry viral diseases of plants. At the same time, some pathogens undergo an incubation period. It was found that the cucumber mosaic virus in the aphid body persists for 6 hours during aphid starvation and 20 minutes during active absorption of food by them. To infect cicadas, they need to eat for several hours on a sick plant. Some of the cicadas remain a source of viruses throughout their lives. The virus of the deforming mosaic of peas is transmitted to healthy plants only 12 hours after entering the body of the cicada. In the pathogen of potato leaf twisting, this period is 24 hours, and the infectivity persists for 7-10 days. Among insects there are also carriers and keepers of pathogens of bacterial diseases of plants. For example, a sprout fly spreads a black potato leg. The elm sapwood carries the causative agent of the disease of the vascular system of the ilmovs — the Dutch disease, which causes the death of huge trees in a short time. The relationship of insects with pathogenic rust fungi is particularly noteworthy. Moving through the infected plant from one sporogony of the fungus to another, they transfer heterosexual cells, ensuring the reproduction of fungi. For some fungi — pathogens of plant diseases — insects are the only carriers. When you make your initial deposit, the standard 1xBet bonus is a 100% matched deposit bonus. However, when you use the 1xbet promotion code you get a 130% matched up deposit bonus. 1xBet is one of the bookmakers that have made a reputation for themselves in the sports betting industry. With a license from Curacao, the bookmaker enjoys a good player base. Today, the company is targeting a new and challenging sector – esports. Apart from offering bets, though, they also support digital athletes.